The arrest warrant against Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu forced a reckoning Friday for the U.S. ally’s global status more than a year after it launched its devastating war in Gaza.

The warrants — also issued for former Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant and Hamas military chief Mohammed Deif — drew a diplomatic dividing line between countries who vowed to back the International Criminal Court and those who pledged to defy it.

While he faces accusations of war crimes and…